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August, 2012:

Transition words reddened!

Despite ( in spite of) all the gains that have been made in the area of breast cancer research, African American women suffer disproportionately (to emphasize) from the effects of the disease. Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among African American women, exceeded only by lung cancer.

Improvements in cancer incidence, mortality, and survival rates among populations are undoubtedly(to emphasize)  the outcome of quality research. Therefore (to prove), there is a need to identify and discuss issues regarding breast cancer among African American women and to determine whether (condition) these issues should be a part of the nation’s breast cancer research agenda.

This commentary summarizes the results of the Summit Meeting Evaluating Research on Breast Cancer in African American Women, which was held September 8–11, 2000, in Washington, DC. Listed are priority areas and some of the questions that fueled this 2-day discussion among 130 participants, including health advocates, cancer survivors, and experts representing various areas of cancer research.

THE NATIONAL CANCER Institute, the agency with primary responsibility for conducting research on the prevention, detection, treatment, and control of cancer, has sponsored intensive research that has led to many important discoveries about all aspects of breast cancer.1 However  (to compare), the advances being made in the area of breast cancer research have not benefited all populations equally.2

The disparity in the rate of breast cancer survival between African American and White women is a decades-old problem.3 Each year, the American Cancer Society, the National Cancer Institute, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, including the National Center for Health Statistics, collaborate to produce a “report card” to explain the nation’s progress in preventing and controlling cancer in the United States.4,5 The initial report card, issued in 1998, reported the nation’s first continuing decline in cancer mortality since (to show time or sequenmce) national record keeping was instituted in the 1930s.4 The 1998 report also noted, however(to compare),  , the disproportionate breast cancer incidence and mortality rates of African American women compared with White women. The incidence of breast cancer in African American women was continuously(to emphasize) increasing, with no decrease in mortality trends.4 African American women also tended to present with a later stage at diagnosis.4 The 2001 report card documents similarly (sequence)disturbing trends for some ethnic minorities and also indicates that African American women have the highest breast cancer death rates.5 African American women have not been—and clearly are not yet—winning the battle against breast cancer.

The United States has worked diligently(to emphasize)  it worked very hard  to recognize and to address what the Institute of Medicine terms the “unequal burden of cancer.”2 We now (show time ) munderstand, more than ever before, how breast cancer cells become cancerous, how the disease metastasizes, why some types of cancer are more aggressive than others, and why some women suffer more and are less likely to survive.1 Research has led to more breast cancer detection and diagnosis techniques, better supportive care, and improved treatment and survival outcomes for patients.1 Despite (in spite of) all the gains that have been made in clinical, basic, and behavioral research, African American women lag behind, continuing to be disproportionately affected by this disease.

 

Grammar rules:

 

1. prefer ‘as’ to like.

Like As I told you earlier, the lecture has been cancelled.

It looks like as if it’s going to snow this afternoon.

Sam kept looking out the window like as though he had someone waiting for him.

2. ‘such as’ is better than like even if their is to say something about similarities.

3. when to use ‘that ‘ and when to omit it?

When a time element intervenes between the verb and the clause:

When the verb of the clause is long delayed:

When a second that can clear up who said or did what:

 

4. ” for” can be used as conjunction in stead of ‘because’.

I want to meet my friend, for I long to see her.

 

5. nor

she hasn’t given any clear instruction, nor has she provided any specific material. All I can say is confusing saga!

 

 

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